Class Presentations On Crucial Conversations Philosophy Essay

Class Presentations On Crucial Conversations Philosophy Essay Consider our class presentations on Crucial Conversations. Please identify and define the key elements of a crucial conversation. What makes these conversations difficult for people and what can you do to enhance your ability to have an effective crucial conversation? On that note, what makes for an effective conversation? A crucial conversation is a discussion between two or more people where stakes are high, opinions vary, and emotions run strong. When we face crucial conversations, we can do one of three things: We can avoid them, we can face them and handle them poorly, or we can face them and handle them well. Ironically, the more crucial the conversation, the less likely we are to handle it well. We often hold things inside by going silent until we can take it no longer-and then we drop a bomb. In short, we move between silence and violence-we either dont handle the conversation, or dont handle it well. We may not become physically violent, but we do attack others ideas and feelings. When we fail a crucial conversation, every aspect of our lives can be affected-from our careers, to our communities, to our relationships, to our personal health. When a conversation turns crucial, we either miss or misinterpret the early warning signs. The sooner we notice were not in dialogue, the quicker we can get back to dialogue and the lower the cost. As you pull out of the content of a conversation and learn to look for the conditions of dialogue, pay attention to early warning signs. Learn to look for when a conversation becomes crucial. A large part of this is watching your actions and emotions, as well as the actions and emotions of the other person. Paying attention to both the content of the discussion and how people are acting and feeling is no easy task. But its an essential part of dialogue. As long as your intent is pure and you learn how to make it safe for others, you can talk to almost anyone about almost anything. The key is to make the other person feel safe. To do this, there are two things the person needs to know: First, they need to know that you care about their best interests and goals. This is called mutual purpose. Second, they need to know that you care about them. This is called mutual respect. When people believe both of these things, they relax and can absorb what youre saying; they feel safe. The instant they dont believe them, safety breaks down and silence or violence follows. To restore safety in the face of silence or violence, you must restore mutual purpose and respect. When we become upset, our most common reaction is to defend ourselves and place the blame on someone else. As convenient as it is to blame others for pushing our buttons and causing us to become upset, its not exactly true. The key to how we feel lies in the stories we tell. These stories consist of our guess as to why people do what they do. As we become emotional, our story seems to be What is the worst and most hurtful way I can take this? This negative spin escalates our emotions and causes us to do the worst when it matters the most. To break away from your volatile emotions, you must rethink the conclusions you drew and the judgments you made. That requires you to tell the rest of the story. N ew stories create new feelings and support new and healthier actions. Better still, new stories often encourage you to return to dialogue. You have to know how to speak without offending and how to be persuasive without being abrasive. The five skills help us do just that to confidently state our opinions and humbly and sincerely invite others to do the same. The five skills that help us share our tough messages are called STATE: Share your facts Tell your story Ask for others paths Talk tentatively Encourage testing As we see others moving to silence or violence-sharing mostly stories or very little at all-it helps us stay in dialogue if we can encourage them to share their entire Path to Action, or the explanation of how emotions, thoughts, and experiences lead to our actions. We have to find a way to move others back to their facts. We typically join them at the end of their Path to Action. They show us their feelings and share their stories, but we may not know what they actually observed. We know what they think, but we dont know what we or others may have done. When others go to silence or violence, actively explore their path. Exploring helps others move away from harsh feelings and knee-jerk reactions and toward the root causes of those feelings and reactions. It also helps curb our own defensive response. Rather than ask, Whats the worst and most personal way I can take this? (leading to defensiveness), we should ask, Why would a reasonable, rational, and decent person think or feel this way? (leading to curiosity). Its hard to feel defensive and curious at the same time. Finally, it takes us to the only place where the feelings can be resolved: The source (the facts and story behind the emotions). If you dont take action, all crucial conversation is for nothing and will eventually lead to disappointment and hard feelings. Always agree on when and how follow-up will occur. It could be a simple e-mail confirming action by a certain date. It could be a full report in a team meeting. It could be just one report upon completion, or it could be progress checks along the way. Regardless of the method or frequency, follow-up is critical in creating action. There is no accountability if there is not an opportunity to account for action. Document your work: Effective teams and healthy relationships are supported by records of the important decisions made after difficult dialogues, and the assignments agreed upon. Good teams revisit these documents to follow up on both the decisions and the commitments. When someone fails to keep a commitment, candidly and directly discuss the issue with him or her. Please respond to FOUR of the questions below: 3. Consider mediation as a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). What are the advantages of mediation relative to other forms of dispute resolution such as courts and arbitration? What are the key attributes of an effective mediator? In Prosando, the mediator attempted to move the parties from a rights-based approach to an interests-based approach. What does this mean? How did he do this? Why did he do this? (Be sure to use the  Prosando video as an example to support your points as well as other course info). Mediation is a process in which a neutral third party (the mediator) assists the parties in resolving their dispute by facilitating negotiation. The mediator has no authority to impose a settlement, and the parties are under no obligation to reach agreement. Mediation proceedings are generally private and confidential. Benefits of successful mediation vary, depending on the parties needs and interests. The following are some common advantages of mediation: Parties are directly engaged in negotiating the settlement: Parties in mediation have the opportunity to directly air their views and positions, in the presence of their adversaries. The process can thus provide a catharsis for the parties that can engender a willingness to resolve the differences between them. Moreover, since parties are heard in the presence of neutral authority figures, the parties often feel that they have had their day in court. In the entertainment industry, there are lots of egos at stake. Clients that have suffered may want an opportunity to tell their story, and clear up any misrepresentations that are exploited to the public. Parties enhance the possibility of continuing their business relationship after resolving the dispute: Litigation process can be very stressful, time consuming, costly and often personally painful. At the end of litigation, the parties are often unable to continue or restart a relationship. In contrast, mediation disputes can be resolved in a manner that saves a business or personal relationship that; ultimately, the parties would prefer to preserve. Many relationships in the entertainment industry are of a collaborative nature, and it is pretty common for the parties in dispute to have had some success in prior artistic collaborations. If the creative parties are able to overcome the hurdle of the dispute through mediation, there is the potential that the parties can continue producing successful artistic endeavors. Creative Thinking and Problem Solving. Litigation can never resolve both parties issues in a way that is simultaneously favorable to both parties. In a mediation, all parties involved can brainstorm together to find solutions that address most, if not all, of the issues that are presented in the mediation. As stated earlier, people in the entertainment industry are creative by nature, and are known to think outside of the box. Mediation should be the least foreign process to anyone involved in any aspect of the entertainment industry. Mediation saves money through reduced legal costs and staff time: By resolving disputes earlier in mediation rather than later in litigation, parties can save tremendous sums in attorneys fees, court costs and other related expenses. Mediation Helps in Complicated Cases: When the facts and/or legal issues are particularly complicated, it can be difficult to sort them out through direct negotiations, or during trial. By contrast, mediation provides an opportunity to break down the facts and issues into smaller components, thereby enabling the parties to separate the matters that they agree upon, and those that they do not yet agree upon. The mediator can be indispensable to this process by separating, organizing, simplifying and addressing relevant issues. Mediator is an important role in Mediation. In the Prosando case, the mediators goal is to help the parties settle their difference in a manner that meets their needs and is preferable to the litigation alternative. An experienced mediator can serve as a sounding board, help identify and frame the relevant interests and issues of the parties, help the parties test their case and quantify the risk/reward of pursuing the matter, and, if asked, provide a helpful and objective analysis of the merits to each of the parties, foster and even suggest creative solutions, and identify and assist in solving impediments to settlement. This is often accomplished by meeting with the parties separately in private caucuses, as well as in a group, so that all participants can speak with total candor during the mediation process. The mediator can also provide the persistence that is often necessary to help parties reach a resolution. To obtain interests, determine priorities and develop trust, the med iator in Prosando case used various questioning techniques. Since parties may be reluctant to disclose information that weakens their own insistence on positions, the mediator must dig for information and will typically start such inquiry with open-ended questions. Important open-ended questions used by mediator were: What do I need to know to understand this matter? Narrower or focused clarification questioning will come later during the mediation. As part to bring out hidden concerns and interests, mediator carefully listens to responses and pursues critically important follow-up questions. Follow-up is particularly important when the speaker reveals a goal or interest without specifying the reasons. Follow questions assure the revelation of the speakers priorities rather than ones the mediator might assume or gather. For example, after Prosandos president said We have to move quickly, the mediator asked, Why is time so important? The mediator builds trust and assures the particip ants that he accurately understands the concerns and interests by using the active listening techniques. Active listening empathetically acknowledges what a party has said by reflecting back the essence of the statement with understanding but without evaluation. Active listening assures speakers that they have been understood, an important component of trust. Another effective technique that the mediator in the Prosando case uses was reframing. When mediators believe a partys interest or priority would be totally unacceptable to the opponent and couldnt form the basis of an agreement, he might try to reframe the interest into acceptable terms that could become part of a settlement. 4.   Based on Professor  Cialdinis six approaches to influence and persuasion, please identify and describe 3 of those and how and why they should work. How you can apply them in your work life? Reciprocity As humans, we generally aim to return favors, pay back debts, and treat others as they treat us. According to the idea of reciprocity, this can lead us to feel obliged to offer concessions or discounts to others if they have offered them to us. This is because were uncomfortable with feeling indebted to them. For example, if a colleague helps you when youre busy with a project, you might feel obliged to support her ideas for improving team processes. You might decide to buy more from a supplier if they have offered you an aggressive discount. Or, you might give money to a charity fundraiser who has given you a flower in the street. One of the reasons reciprocation can be used so effectively as a device for gaining anothers compliance is its power. The rule possessed awesome strength, often producing a yes response to a request that except for an existing feeling of indebtedness would have surely been refused. Liking People prefer to say yes to those they know and like, Cialdini says. Physical attractiveness, similarity, and familiarity are three levers that can be employed to increase this liking factor. When looks are not a significant issue, we like people that are similar to us, whether its similar opinions, personality traits, background, or life-style. So, smart persuaders dress like their targets, claim to have (or actually develop) similar backgrounds, lifestyles, attitudes, and beliefs. Scarcity When we are convinced that an opportunity or thing is limited in its availability, we are more easily persuaded to want it, and to take the actions necessary to get it. This principle says that things are more attractive when their availability is limited, or when we stand to lose the opportunity to acquire them on favorable terms. For instance, we might buy something immediately if were told that its the last one, or that a special offer will soon expire. Moreover, a sudden increase in scarcity is more persuasive that constant scarcity, and, if the sudden increase is due to demand for the item from others, it is more persuasive still. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify and explain when contingent contracts or contingent provisions in a contract, might be useful to get a deal done. Referring to the article: Betting on the future: The virtues of contingent contracts: Harvard Business Review, Sep/Oct99, Vol. 77 Issue 5, p155-160, identify the benefits and issues to be aware of when considering contingent provisions or contracts. When contingent contracts or contingent provisions in a contract is useful to get a deal done: Bypassing Biases: Contingent contracts offer a different approach to solving the bias problem. By enabling each side to bet on its bias, the contracts remove the biases as sources of contention and ultimately have the effect of canceling them out altogether. Consider, for example, one of the most common biases affecting negotiators: overconfidence. Companies, like individuals, tend to have an irrational degree of confidence in their own abilities and, as a result, they tend to overestimate the likelihood of achieving positive outcomes. In a contingent contract, each side translates its overconfident assumptions into a wager on the future. The outcome of the wager tends to fall between the two extreme positions, creating a rational result without requiring either party to sacrifice its firmly held bias. Another bias common in negotiations is egocentrism, which occurs when negotiators hold self-serving perceptions about the fairness of their position. Here, too, contingent contracts can defuse the tension and create a rational outcome. Contingent contracts counter biases by, in essence, indulging them. They establish two contrasting future scenarios, each reflecting one partys biases. Because each side anticipates that its scenario will be the one that plays out, each has a strong incentive to accept the contract. In effect, contingent contracts allow negotiators to be flexible without feeling that theyve compromised. Diagnosing Deceit: What makes information asymmetry so discomforting to companies is that it raises the possibility of deceit. Indeed, the fear of deceit can be a major impediment to all sorts of business agreements. Contingent contracts are a powerful means of uncovering deceit and neutralizing its consequences. Reduce Risk: Using a contingent contract to share risk often has an important additional benefit: it creates enormous goodwill. On the one hand, the contract provides a safety net, limiting each companys losses should an agreement go unexpectedly awry. On the other hand, it reduces the possibility of one company earning a windfall at the others expense. A contingent contract thus tends to enhance the trust between the parties, setting the stage for mutually beneficial negotiations in the future. Companies can also use contingent contracts to reduce the risk their customers assume when they purchase a new and untested product. Motivation: Another the benefits offered by contingent contracts is that they motivate parties to perform at or above contractually specified levels. Thats the driving force behind the use of contingent contracts in all kinds of compensation arrangements, from sales commissions to stock options. Sports teams and entertainment companies routinely use contingent contracts to motivate athletes and artists, particularly those who have shown a lack of motivation in the past. Contingent contracts are useful not just for motivating individuals, they can also motivate companies. While we believe that contingent contracts are valuable in many kinds of business negotiations, theyre not right in every situation. Managers should keep three points in mind: First, contingent contracts require continuing interaction between the parties. After all, the final outcome of the contract will not be determined until sometime after the initial agreement is signed. Therefore, negotiators need to consider the nature of their future relationship with the other party. If the parties are seeking a spot transaction, or if theres outright ill will between the two, they should probably not enter into a contingent contract. Second, negotiators need to think about the enforceability of a contract. Under a contingent contract, it is probable that one or more of the parties will not receive its full value up front. In some cases, the deferred value may represent a significant portion of the overall value. What if the loser of the bet refuses to pay up? What should the winner do? There are many ways to solve such issues-placing money in escrow, for instance. Our main message is, dont bet if you cant collect. Third, contingent contracts require transparency. The future event the parties bet on must be one that both sides can observe and measure and that neither side can covertly manipulate. Vague bets set the stage for different interpretations later. The terms of the bet should be clearly delineated in the contract. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consider the article The Chinese Negotiation Harvard Business Review, Oct. 2003, Vol. 81 Issue 10, p. 82-91. Based on that article, identify and describe 3 concepts you should be aware of in order to negotiate effectively in China. The first concept in Chinese Negotiaitons is Guanxi (Personal Connections): In fact, personal connections doesnt do justice to the fundamental, and complex, concept of guanxi. While Americans put a premium on networking, information, and institutions, the Chinese place a premium on individuals social capital within their group of friends, relatives, and close associates. Though the role of guanxi is fading a bit against the backdrop of population mobility and the Wetsernization of some Chinese business practices, it remains an important social force. More often than not, the person with the best guanxi wins. Heres an example of how guanxi works. Upon learning that China Post Savings Bureau planned to modernize its computer network, C.T Teng, the general manager of Honeywell-Bulls Greater China Region, asked his Beijing sales director and the China Post executive were old university friends, they has guanxi. That connection enabled Teng to invite the China Post executive to a partners forum at Honeywell-Bull headquarters in Boston. He also invited the CEO of Taiwans Institute of Information Industry to the event. Over the course of the meeting, Teng proposed a banking system using Honeywell-Bull hardware and Taiwan Institute software to China Posts CEO, and the deal was accepted. Good Guanxi also depends on a strict system of reciprocity, or what the Chinese call hui bao. This does not mean immediate, American-style reciprocity: I made a concession, and I expect one in return at the table that day. In China, theres no hurry; agrarian rhythms run long. Favors are almost always remembered and returned, though not right away. This long-term reciprocity is a cornerstone of enduring personal relationships. Ignoring reciprocity in China is not just bad manners; its immoral. If someone is labeled wang en fuyi (one who forgets favors and fails on righteousness and loyalty), it poisons the well for all future business. The second concept we should be aware of is Zhongjian Ren (The Intermediary): Business deals for Americans in China dont have a chance without the zhongjian ren, the intermediary. In the US, we tend to trust others until or unless were given reason not to. In China, suspicion and distrust characterize all meetings with strangers. In business, trust cant be earned because business relationships cant even be formed without it. Instead, trust must be transmitted via guanxi. That is, a trusted business associate of yours must pass you along to his trusted business associates. In China, the crucial first step in this phase of negotiation, called nontask sounding, is finding the personal links to your target organizations or executive. Those links can be hometown, family, school or previous business ties. Whats crucial is that the links be based on personal experience. For example, you call your former classmate and ask him to set up a dinner meeting with his friend. Expensive meals at nice places are key. If things go well, his friend accepts the role of zhongjian ren and in turn sets up a meeting with your potential client or business partner, whom he knows quite well. A talented Chinese go-between in indispensable even after the initial meeting takes place. Consider what happens during a typical Sino-Western negotiation session. Rather than just saying no outright, Chinese businesspeople are more likely to change the subject, turn silent, ask another question, or respond by using ambiguous and vaguely positive expressions with subtle negative implications, such as hai bu cuo (seems not wrong), hai hao (seems fairly all right), and hai xing or hai key i (appears fairly passable). Only a native Chinese speaker can read and explain the moods, intonation, facial expressions and body language Chinese negotiators exhibit during a formal negotiation session. Frequently, only the zhongjian ren can determine whats going on. When an impatient Westerner asks what the Chinese think of a proposal, the respondents will invariably offer to kan kan or yanjiu yanjiu, which means, Let us take a look or Let us study it even if they think the proposal stinks. This is where the zhongjian ren can step in because he is an interpreter not so much or words as of cultures. Often, the two parties can say frankly to the intermediary what they cannot say to each other. In China, the intermediary not the negotiator first brings up the business issue to be discussed. And the intermediary often settles differences. Indeed, we have seen more than one zhongjian ren successfully deal with divisive disagreements. The following is one such case: A VP of a New York-based software company went to Beijing to negotiate a distribution contract with a Chinese research institute. Having attended meetings arranged by the intermediary a former senior executive with the institute the VP was pleased with the progress during the first two days. But on the third day, the two sides became embroiled in a fruitless debate over intellectual property rights. Feeling they were losing face, the Chinese ended the meeting. That night, the VP and the China country manager met with the intermediary. The following day, the intermediary called the head of the institute and worked his magic. In the end, both sides agreed that the intellectual property rights were to be jointly owned, and the contract was signed. Another important concept in Chinese Negotiation is Jiejan (Thrift): Chinas long history of economic and political instability has taught its people to sae their money, a practice known as jiejan. According to market research firm Euromonitor International, mainland Chinese save nearly four times as much of their household income as Americans do. The focus on savings results, in business negotiation, in a lot of bargaining over price usually though haggling. Chinese negotiators will pad their offers with more room to maneuver than most Americans are used to, and they will make concessions on price with great reluctance and only after lengthy discussions. In fact, we have often seen Americans laugh at the Chinese base price or get angry at unreasonable Chinese counteroffers. To make matters worse, the Chinese are adept at using silence as a negotiation tactic. This leaves Americans in the awkward position of negotiating by asking questions, directly or through the intermediary. In defending price positions, the Chinese use patience and silence as formidable weapons against American impatience and volubility. Westerners should not be put off by aggressive first offers by the Chinese; they expect both sides to make concessions eventually, particularly on prices.

Fat Burner Supplements

Author's Letter Writing this essay I learned a lot about fat burner supplements. I use to think they were not harmful to my body, but I realize that they are. Before I would walk In to supplement stores and when I would see a fat burner ad on display I would buy it. The ad would get my attention because it would show a muscular and defined body, and that's something I desired as an athlete. Furthermore, the employees would not mention to me the side affects the pills contain, so I was unaware of what I was in aging and putting inside my body.As time progressed I started to realize that my workouts were not the same without these pills. I also notice my performance In the ring was not the same. Therefore, I felt like I could not perform without these pills because the lack of energy my body did not produce anymore. I would go back to supplement store and purchase more fat burners. After a few months my physic changed, I notice an increased in muscle size and my body was defining, but little did I know the side effects would kick in right after.Consequently, I started to feel anxiety and my heart rate would Increase for no reason when I was In my comfort mode. My doctor at the time told me I was suffering from anxiety. He prescribed medication, In which I took for a few months before my anxiety started fading. Now, my anxiety is under control, but it's not permanently out of my system; it comes and goes. If I would have known what side effects these pills contained, I would've thought twice before consuming them.I took the supplement as directed and read warning label, but I was unaware that the symptoms would last a lifetime. I wrote this essay to educate those who read It about the dangers fat burner supplements produce. In conclusion. At the end of the day It Is someone's decision to consume these pills Into their system, but if they learn more about these pills history individuals will think twice about purchasing; and maybe they will not consume nor abuse th e supplement.

Fire Incident Happen In World Trade Center Environmental Sciences Essay

1.0 IntroductionHigh-rise edifice has become big portion of people and assets exposed, particularly for the big figure of high-rise edifices presently building in Asia and Middle East. Harmonizing to Hall.J.R. , ( 2005 ) reference about tower block edifice has lower hazard of fire per unit floor country. So this thought has brought and changed human perceptual experience advanced about building engineering. Mention to US NFPA 101 Life Safety Code, the edifices which have height more than 23m defined as tower block edifice. When constructing construct higher and higher, fire safety demand to be concern because it will impact the deliverance mission and fire combat operation. Evacuation procedure is of import assist people escape from edifice.2.0 Issue StatementIn recent old ages, fire onslaught in high rise edifice has become the common issue which cause many civilian deceases and injured. Civilians who stayed in high rise edifice were unable to get away because they located at high d egree from the land. On behalf the fire incident happen, fright besides has caused the job which makes them unable to get away. Although fire exigency issue are provided, it is excessively slow for civilian staying in the top floors of the edifice to get away. The opportunity of them to get away is low. Another job is trouble for fire combatants to make the upper floors. For illustration, the highest fire truck ladder can merely extends to the eight floors. In order to snuff out fire above that point, fire combatants must mount up many of stepss along with fire hosieries and other heavy equipment. High-rise edifices are designed to be safe. When come to many civilian stay at tall edifice, exigency response is become more hard to evacuate civilians out of the edifice. What tallness is considered tower block? Refer to paragraph 3.3.28.7 of the Life Safety CodeA ® , 2006 edition, defines a high-rise edifice as a edifice more than 75 pess ( 23 metres ) in tallness which measured from the lowest degree land floor entree to the floor of the highest of the edifice. Earlier to 1999, the National Fire Incident Reporting System ( NFIRS ) coded edifice tallness in scopes which considered as tower block such as 7-12 narratives, 13-24 narratives, 25-49 narratives, and 50 narratives or more. Get downing in 1999, NFIRS Version 5.0 permits the exact tallness to be recorded. It is besides possible to separate between height above land and entire tallness. In maintaining with the Life Safety Code definition, a tallness above land of seven or more narratives is used to specify tower block from 1999 on. There are many instances related to fire incident. For illustration, the incident go on on Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City wholly collapsed merely over one hr after fires raged in them upon the clang of two aeroplanes into them on 11 September 2001. This entire incident caused 2795 dead. Harmonizing to Craven.J. , ( 2001 ) The causes of edifices prostration was due to terrible weakening of the supporting strength of the towers ‘ steel-based supporting construction under impact from terrorist planes and utmost heat. Besides, the high-rise flat fire in Shanghai on15 November 2010 has become attending for people around the universe. This incident has taken 53 people life and injured 70 casualties. This incident was caused by the flicker during welding work. ( YeinJee ‘s Asiatic Journal, 2010 ) Furthermore, there is another fire incident happen in Busan on October 2010. Based on the study, there are no casualties were reported as most occupants were dis persed after the fire broke out. Fire combatants rescued 31 occupants, four of casualties were sent to the infirmary for intervention. Based on the probe, people suspect the cause happen from the fire started at the refuse room on the 4th floor which is extremely flammable wall stuff and strong air currents seemingly fuelled the fire. Based on incidents highlighted, the fire safety design needs to be considered more critically for all the high rise edifice. ( Koreabridge, 2010 )3.0 Research HypothesisThis research survey focused on two key countries which are the demand of fire safety shelter design needed in high rise edifice and to measure the consciousness of residents about fire safe shelter. Fire safe shelter is designed as safety floor which can let residents to remain for emptying. Harmonizing to Snyder.L. , ( 2009 ) mentioned about the shelter in topographic point is designed to let residents to withdraw to a safe country which can protect against heat and fume. That country can be used to help the orderly mercantile establishment of residents, hold residents until first respondents can deliver them, or keep residents until the menace is eliminated. Ever more, refuge countries provided bipartisan communicating systems to reach with first respondents. Recently, there are several Asiatic states such as China and Singapore has developed as many sky scrapers. During the designing procedure, tall edifices must be provided with refuge floors every 20 to 25 floors. These are normally mechanical floors ( no usually occupied infinite ) with at least 50 % of the floor country configured as an country of safety ( 2-hr separations to equipment infinites, no fuel burden, infinite to keep all residents of the floors between refuge floors at 0.3 M2 or 3 ft2per individual ) . They are required to be unfastened on two opposite sides so that fume will non roll up. Refuge floors provide a protected infinite for residents to rest or to expect aid, or to traverse between staircases. ( Code of Practice for the Provision of Means of Escape in Case of Fire, Part II, Section 21 Refuge Floors, Hong Kong Building Authority, 1996 ) Refer to Meacham.B. , ( 2006 ) mentioned about demands for refuge floors are comparatively new and are presently found in merely a few edifices. No existent emptyings have occurred but there is some experience from drills that indicates there may be a job when people reach a refuge floor and make up one's mind to wait at that place instead than go oning the emptying. Indeed, the consciousness of residents who stayed at high rise edifice should be considered. Each resident who stays in tower block should responsible to cognize where the safety topographic point is. Owner of the edifice should supply fire safety program and information which can steer residents to get away during fire incident. Fires Safety Drill should be organize by the fire section which can assist people more understand on what state of affairs and to protect themselves. During the drill procedure, occupants gather on the refuge floor such that extra geting residents can non come in. This is a drill procedure where the residents know they are non in danger and that they will be returning to their floor after the drill. Presently, the World Financial Center building in Shanghai incorporates refuge floors and besides uses two observation lifts running on the exterior of the ace columns on diagonal corners of the edifice. These lifts were originally designed to supply express serv ice merely to the observation deck on the top floor. These observation lifts were modified to halt at each of the safety floors to be used for occupant emersion in fires. Alternatively of people need to go from 25 floors to land floor, the better manner is utilizing the closest safety floor even if it was above your place.4.0 AimThe purpose of this research is to entree the demand for fire safety means in high rise edifices.5.0 Aims1 ) To detect how best to better fire safety by utilizing fire safe shelter. 2 ) To suggest solution on how to incorporate the fire safety design in high rise edifice.6.0 ScopeThis research discussed the design of shelters to protect against fire onslaught. The design of such shelters requires attending to jobs such as the figure of residents remaining or working in such edifice and besides the weight of the edifice which affected the design of shelter. The used of this fire safety system can take to better protection in order to cut down hazard of danger from residents. Besides, the counter measured for high rise edifice fire besides needs to be considered to cover with big hazard as follows, 1. Fire safe shelter design in tower block edifice 2. Emptying7.0 MethodologyIn order to accomplish the aims that have been stated, the research was carried out in measure by stairss. First of all, place the aims and range needed for this research. Secondly is followed by carry oning literature reappraisal about issue on fire incident happen in high rise edifice and the map of fire safety shelter presently use in the tower block edifice. This procedure helped in better apprehension on the research subject and integrated the cognition to the proposed topic. Besides, professional interviews with the designer and applied scientist besides conducted related to the fire safety shelter in safety design.8.0 Literature Review8.1 Issues ( Case Study ) Fire incident happen in World Trade Center in New York City Fire incident happen in high-rise flat in Shanghai Degree centigrades: UsersAcerDownloadsworld-trade-center-2nd-attack2-9-11-01.jpg Degree centigrades: UsersAcerDownloads11 ( 1 ) .jpg Beginning from Energy Matters ( 2012 ) Beginning from China stillness ( 2010 ) Figure 1 Figure 2 Harmonizing to figure 1, this fire incident was happened on 11 September 2001 in New York City. The United States has faced the cruelest terrorist onslaught in history. Thousands of citizens have been killed and many more injured. This incident has shocked and overwhelmed by the monolithic loss in lives and belongings. Everyone of the citizen in there feels driven to make something to react to the calamity happened. This twin tower of WTC has approximately 417 and 415 metres height. Along with the 110 floors Twin Towers were destroyed or severely damaged, including WTC edifices 3 through 7 and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church. The North Tower, South Tower, the Marriott Hotel ( 3 WTC ) and 7 WTC were wholly destroyed. The U.S. Customs House ( 6 World Trade Center ) , 4 World Trade Center, 5 World Trade Center, and both prosaic Bridgess linking edifices were badly damaged. The Deutsche Bank Building on 130 Liberty Street was partly damaged and demolished subsequently. The two edifices of the World Financial Center besides suffered harm. The incident happened due to the impact of plane clang. A high monolithic detonation created highly high temperature which has weakened the strength of steel beads and increased warp. Mention to Craven.J. , ( 2001 ) has mentioned about the twin towers had redundant design which means if one edifice fail, another edifice carries burden. This twin towers had entire 244 columns each around the cardinal nucleus. Although there are some column damaged, but others could stay support. Due to the go oning fire combustion, the fire spread from one portion to another portion which has weakened floors and began to fall in. The crashed floor increased the impulse which has caused the edifice could non prolong the weight and collapsed wholly. Although the deliverance mission was conducted, but the accomplishments and engineering during current twelvemonth was stilled non in advanced, so the emptying mission was failed and many citizens were killed due to enable to get away. Figure 2 has showed another fire incident happened in Shanghai. This incident happened on 15 November 2010 at Jing An territory under redevelopment. This calamity has taken 49 people life. Harmonizing to Shanghai News ( 2010 ) has discussed about the fire happened was caused by unaccredited welders improperly runing their equipment and enkindled fire to the staging and light plastic webs which is extremely flammable. The fire started firing at the roof and continued spread the fire to plastic webs around the edifice. Based on the issues have been discussed, fire safety is critical of import to guarantee residents who stayed in tower block edifice are protected. In order to minimise the hazard, fire safe shelter is strongly recommended to plan in tower block edifice. This design may alter to better state of affairs when fire happen.8.2 Refuge floor ( Fire safe shelter )Refuge floor is a particular design recommended to put in in tower block edifice to protect residents for temporarily gather and delay for evacuate in instance of fire. Based on research inquiry, refugee floor is explained in general. Refuge floors should be installed in all edifices which exceed 25 floors in tallness. Mention to Hong Kong fire section, all refuge floors should follow with the demands as specified in the â€Å" Provision of Means of Escape in Case of Fire 1996 † published by the Building Department. In order to put in refuge floor, demands should purely follow. First is no occupied adjustment or nearby mechanical works room, except fire service H2O armored combat vehicles and affiliated fire service installing works room, at the same degree as the safety floor. Second, the country for safety should non be less than 50 % of the entire gross floor country of the safety floor and height non less than 2300mm. Third, the minimal dimension of the country for safety should be at least 50 % greater than the breadth of the widest stairway go throughing through the refuge floor. Fourth, the country for safety should be separated from the balance of the edifice in conformity with the demands in the Code of Practice for Fire Resisting Construction published by the Buildings Department. Continue by, the country for safety should be open-sided above safe parapet tallness on at least two opposite sides to supply equal cross airing: the unfastened sides should follow with the demands in the Cod e of Practice for Fire Resisting Construction. Next, any stairway passing through a refuge floor should be discontinued at such degree so that the issue path is diverted to go through over portion of the refuge country before it is continued to go out downwards. Furthermore, every portion of the country for safety should be provided with unreal illuming supplying a horizontal luminosity at floor degree of non less than 30 lx and backed up by an exigency illuming system supplying a horizontal luminosity at floor degree of non less than 2 lx. The design of the exigency illuming system should follow with the Code of Practice for Minimum Fire Service Installations and Equipment. Furthermore, a refuge floor should be provided with such fire service installing and equipment as may be required by the Director of Fire Services. Other than that, a safety floor ( other than a roof ) should be served by a fireman ‘s lift. The lift doors should non open onto the refuge floor in normal ope ration and should be locked at all times until automatically released on propulsion of the fireman ‘s switch and eventually is the notices and directional marks should be provided at each floor. ( Fire Services Department, 2012 )8.3 EmptyingPresently, the fire and life safety systems installed in high-rise edifices including automatic fire sprinkler protection, are designed to command a fire and hence lessen the demand to evacuate all residents. In a typical scenario, the residents of the fire floor and the floors instantly above and below it should instantly utilize the issue stairs to fall to a floor degree that is at least several floors below the fire floor, and await farther direction from safety functionaries. Harmonizing to National Safety Council reference about successful and efficient emptying depends on complete preplanning, organisation, and supervising. Planing should carry on based on basic rule. First is constructing emptying organisation. Second is emptying pol icy and programs. Third is sensing and coverage based on fire or jeopardy. Follow by emptying plan coordination is about motion and emptying. Next is communicate to direct motion and emptying and last is review and rating.9.0 DiscussionAfter the literature reappraisal has been conducted, fire safety is strongly recommended to better in order to cut down hazard of decease and hurt. Height has caused the job when the tower block edifice caught fire due to natural catastrophe or human carelessness. Fire safe shelter has been introduced to guarantee the residents can remain from fire onslaught and the possibility to get away from the incident in the shortest clip. Based on this circumstance, the developer should see on the fire safety system in a high rise edifice. Due to the tallness of a high rise edifice, it causes the residents unable to get away straight from the edifice which means they will necessitate the aid from the fire brigade for emptying. Before they can get away from the incident, the design of fire safety shelter known as refuge floor can supply a safe country to the residents. Emptying program should work with refuge floor in order to evacuate the residents out of edifice in a shortest clip. Beside, the consciousness on the fire safety system should earnestly concentrate to all the residents of high rise edifice to guarantee they gain the cognition which can protect them in instance of fire.10.0 DecisionFrom this research, tallness is the issue which need to concentrate and see on the developing a tower block edifice. When fire incident happen, first thing the residents need to make is make n't panic. They should follow direction move to the safety floor and delay for evacuate mission. Therefore, an effectual fire safety system is of import to do certain an equal and effectual communicate system to all the floors. Residents may hold better protection to cut down the hazard to zero.

The Differences Between Eastern And Western Churches

By the Medieval Ages, Christianity had spread rapidly across many cultural boundaries affecting not only the way religion is practiced, but also beliefs people had about Christianity as a whole. Another aspect incorporated into people’s beliefs are ideas of salvation, supernatural beings, and saints. Each played a significant role on the lives of people from the Medieval Ages as well as shaped the life that they lived. Before diving into the beliefs people held about Christianity, it is important to understand the differences between the Eastern and Western churches. Some of the major reasons for the difference is the fact that people spoke different languages, had different church rules, and the debate between leavened versus unleavened†¦show more content†¦That meant that a pope was seen as the head of the church, influencing the lives of Christians and at times mandating various rules put in place. While these factors influenced Christian live depending on where a person lived, they did not necessarily provide or explain the beliefs or understandings of Christianity within a person’s life. Joseph Lynch, in his book The Medieval Church: A Brief History, he discusses what he essentially calls the framework of Christian life. To understand this framework, it is important to look at the medieval understandings of the creation, the Fall, Satan, the Incarnation, and Purgatory, which will be discussed later in the paper. To the people of the Medieval Ages, they interpreted the creation as literally true and that they were born with original sin stemming from Adam and Eve eating from the tree of knowledge (Notes, October 28). This idea of being born with original sin, influenced the idea of baptism and that a person was wiped clean of original sin following the baptism. The next important idea that influenced people’s lives is the Fall. The Fall was the idea that beings in Heaven fell from there and entered Hell. This occurred as a consequence of disobedience and they belief is that the fallen were kicked out of the Garden of Eden (notes, October 28). One such fallen being is Satan. Satan is a central figure in the â€Å"Christian understanding of the moral universe† (Lynch, pages 260-261). They believed